And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.

重点词汇：proposal，sustainable development

重点短语：up in arms，integrate...... within

解析：本句主语为代词“some”，“be up in arms over”为动词短语，宾语为“a proposal”，其后面两个“to do”并列短语是宾语的定语，其中介词短语“for social-science research”修饰“a specific funding category”，介词短语“of sustainable development”修饰“cross-cutting topics”。

翻译：在欧洲，一些人强烈反对一项提议，即取消社会科学研究的特定帮助类别，并将其并入可持续发展的跨领域课题之中。

The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change, food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

重点词汇：demographic，marine，inclusive，efficient

重点短语：force.....to，integrate ...... with

解析：本句为主系表结构，表语为“to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories”，其后面的“including ....”具体补充说明“other categories”。

后面5个成分进行并列别离是“health and demographic change”，“food security”，“marine research and the bio-economy”，“clear, efficient energy”，“inclusive, innovative and secure societies”。

翻译：该想法是为了迫使社会科学家把他们的工作与其他领域结合起来，包罗健康和人口变化、粮食安全、海洋研究和生物经济、清洁高效的能源以及有包容性、创新性和安全性的社会。

During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

重点词汇：humanities，corporate

重点短语：as a percentage of

解析：该句子主语较长为“national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds”，其中介词短语“on social sciences and the humanities”为定语修饰“national spending”。分号并列省略句“it is about 15%”，介词短语“in most European nations”为状语。

翻译：在20世纪90年代后期，国家在社会科学和人文学科上的支出占所有研究和开发基金(包罗政府、高等教育、非营利组织和企业)的比例从4%到25%不等;在大多数欧洲国家，这一比例约为15%。

These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

本句27词，整个句子一个宾语从句和两个定语从句，此句中，宾语从句和定语从句的从属连词都进行了省略，因而全句并未见到任何的从属连词，关系词。

1. 宾语从句：these rules (主语))say(谓语) they (主语)must value (谓语)some assets(宾语) at the price(状语)，出现两套主谓，并无从属连词连接，these rules say they must value some assets at the price.....省略了that从属连词。还原：theses rules say (that) they must value some assets at the price。此处宾语从句比力常规，理解上不是很困难，value some assets表示：评估一些资产 ，at the price 以......的价格

理解: 这些规则规定他们必需以......的价格评估一些资产。

2. 定语从句：the price (先行词) a third party would pay(句子，主语a third party,谓语 would pay); 名词+句子，句子 a third party would pay修饰限定名词the price，the price( that ) a third party would pay

理解：第三方愿意支付的价格。

同理the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch 同样构成以the price 为先行词的定语从句，从句为：managers and regulators would like them to fetch;fetch表示去取，卖得(某价);

理解：经理和监管机构想要它们出售所得的价格

整句：这些规则规定他们必需以第三方愿意支付的价格而不是经理和监管机构想要它们出售所得的价格来评估一些资产。

And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.

本句28词，整个句子包罗一个由which引导的定语从句，定语从句比力长，但整个句子机构并不复杂。

从句从which will not sell assets 开始到句末supposed bargains结束，yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains在从句中和will not sell assets形成并列。

主句：And dead markets(主语) partly reflect(谓语) the paralysis of banks (宾语);the paralysis of banks， of banks 介词短语跟在名词paralysis后面做定语，表示银行的瘫痪。

which定语从句修饰限定名词banks;从句中词组 for fear of表示担心，害怕，book loss: 账面损失，be reluctant to do sth 表示不情愿做。。。，supposed bargains 所谓的便宜货;

从句理解：这些银行因为担心账面损失而不出售资产，又不情愿购买所有那些所谓的便宜货。

整句：死寂的市场必然程度上反映了银行的瘫痪，这些银行一方面担心账面损失因而不会出售资产，但也也不情愿购买那些被认为是便宜货的资产。

Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technology yet to come.

(2018年阅读Text3)

本句共有32个词，属于考研英语中常见的长难句。

长难句分析：

1、主句：the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction

主语：the author

谓语：produced

宾语：a remarkable work of speculative fiction

2、定语从句(先行词work，在从句中作主语)：that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technology yet to come

从属连词：that(即从句主语，指work)

谓语：would foreshadow

宾语：many ethical questions

定语：to be raised by technology yet to come(修饰questions)

3、before the invention of the electric light bulb属于由before构成的时间状语，翻译的时候顺译即可，但是before里面有个of the electric light bulb小定语，需要放在invention前翻译。

本句为复合句，主句意为：“作者已经创作了一部引人注目的推理小说”;定语从句由that引导，用来修饰先行词questions，表白这些问题的特点。

参考译文：甚至在电灯泡发明之前，作者就已经创作了一部引人注目的推理小说，它预示着未来的技术将引发许多伦理问题。

State will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

(2018阅读Text4)

本句共有38词，属于考研英语中常见的长难句。

1、主句：State will be able to force more people to pay sales tax

主语：State

谓语：will be able to force many people to

宾语：sales tax

2、状语从句：when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday

从属连词：when

主语：they

谓语：make

宾语：online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday

3、定语从句：that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states

从属连词：that(先行词decision)

主语：that

谓语：will leave sb. with和is (通过并列连词but连接)

宾语：lighter wallets 和a big financial win for states

本句为复合句，主句意为“美国各州可以对更多的人征收销售税”;时间状语由when引导;定语从句由that引导，先行词是decision。

参考译文：按照美国最高法院周四的一项裁决，美国各州可以对在线零售征收销售税。这项裁决将使购物者的钱包变得更轻，但对各州来说是一场重大的财政胜利。

Even those papers that continue to review fine-arts events are devoting less space to them, while the “think pieces” on cultural subjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the past.

【单词解析】：review：复习，评论，检查;devote to：将……奉献给，把……专用于;grace：n. 优雅;v. 使…增色，使…优美。

【句子分析】：本句为复合句，整体结构为主句+while引导的时间状语从句。

首先找主句谓语动词，可以作谓语的形式有continue to review, are devoting…to…。从属连词和其后比来的谓语构成从句，continue to review前有that构成从句，所以are devoting…to…为主句谓语动词。

其次找主干主语和宾语，those papers作主语，less space和them作宾语，在主语those papers后加了一个that引导的定语从句修饰主语。

在while引导的时间状语从句中，整体结构和主句类似，同样是主语后加了that 引导的定语从句，所以graced是that从句的谓语动词，are becoming是状语从句的谓语动词，the “think pieces”是状语从句的主语。

a thing 是宾语，of the past介词短语修饰宾语作定语，在主语the “think pieces”后加了一个on介词短语以及一个that引导的定语从句全部用来修饰主语。

【参考译文】：甚至是那些继续评论高雅艺术事件的报纸，也减少了对这些事件的报道，与此同时那些曾经装点大城市周日报纸版面的关于文化主题的思考文章，正在成为过去。

For pubulic institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money.

(2018年阅读Text2)

本句共有33词，属于考研英语中常见的长难句。

1、主句：state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention

主语：state funds

谓语：are sometimes tied partly to

宾语：their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention

2、结果状语从句：so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money

主语：better grades

谓语：can mean

宾语：more money

插入语：by boosting figures like those

本句为复合句，主句意为“国家基金有时会与它们在毕业率和学生留校率等指标上的成功有必然关系”;结果状语从句由so引导，表白前面的前面这件事情所带来的结果。

参考译文：对公共机构来说，国家基金有时会与它们在毕业率和学生留校率等指标上的成功有必然关系，因此，通过提高分数，更好的成绩可能意味着更多的钱。

以下资料是中公考研教研室讲师据考情分析、精选的长难句，将从语法的角度，教大家如何分析一个长难句。

Rather than pulling students back(V-ing短语作状语), a gap year(主语) pushes(谓语) them(宾语) ahead(adv作状语) by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes(by介词短语作方式状语) —all things that first-year students(主语) often struggle with(谓语) the most.

(that引导定语从句修饰all things，在从句中作struggle with 的宾语，all things 指代破折号前and并列的3个名词词组)

翻译：

间隔年不是让学生后退，而是鞭策他们向前，让他们提前为独立自主，承担新的责任，适应环境改变做好准备——所有的这些事儿都总是需要大一新生努力去克服的。

以下资料是中公考研教研室讲师据考情分析、精选的长难句，将从语法的角度，教大家如何分析一个长难句。

Today(时间状语), widespread social pressure(主语) to immediately go to college(to do短语作定语修饰pressure) in conjunction with (并列两个N短语作主语)increasingly high expectations in a fast- moving world(地点状语) often causes (谓语，因in conjunction with遵循就远原则，所以cause用单三)students (宾语)to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year(of介词短语作定语修饰possibility)(宾语补足语).

翻译：

如今在快速运转的世界里，要求立即上大学的广泛的社会压力以及不竭增长的高期望值总是会导致学生完全忽视上间隔年的可能性。

以下资料是中公考研教研室讲师据考情分析、精选的长难句，将从语法的角度，教大家如何分析一个长难句。

A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point. (2020英语一Text3)

主干：A pair of bills provide a case in point.

sponsored by Massachusetts …and House Speaker …Haddad为ved短语作后置定语修饰bills

to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions为目的状语

参考译文：

马萨诸塞州参议员贾森·刘易斯和众议院临时议长帕特里夏·哈达德发起的两项法案，旨在确保董事会和委员会的“性别均等”，就是一个很好的例子。

以下资料是中公考研教研室讲师据考情分析、精选的长难句，将从语法的角度，教大家如何分析一个长难句。

In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. (2020英语一Text2)

In some ways为方式状语

the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet为主句，其中of the social internet为介词短语作后置定语修饰the economy

labour is provided…market places为同位语，解释说明主句

其中while…表对比;who…places为定语从句修饰big firms

参考译文：

在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社会互联网的经济：劳动力是免费提供的，以换取地位的希望，而经营市场的几家大公司却获得了巨额利润。

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than f 900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than f 210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them. (2020英语一Text2)

主句：The Dutch giant Elsevier made profits of more than f 900m last year

Which…world：定语从句修饰The Dutch giant Elsevier;其中produced in the world为Ved短语作后置定语修饰scientific papers

while UK universities alone … their own publicly funded research为while表对比

both figures seem to … efforts to change them为并列句;其中desperate efforts to change them为让步状语

参考译文：

荷兰巨头Elsevier，号称出版了全球25%的科学论文，去年利润超过9亿英镑，而仅英国大学在2016年就花了超过2.1亿英镑让研究人员获得本身的公共帮助研究;尽管越来越拼命地努力改变，这两个数字似乎都在不竭地上升。

Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.(2020英语一Text1)

主语：Some(一些人)

谓语：might see…as…

宾语：the proposal ;a booby prize

原因状语：for the fact

同位语从句：that Britain…2008，解释说明fact

同位语：a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008，解释说明the much more prestigious title，其中 bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008为V-ed短语作后置定语修饰a sought-after award

参考译文：

一些人可能会把这项提案看作是一个骗局，因为英国已经不能再申请更具声望的“欧洲文化之都”称号，这一受欢迎的奖项在1990年被格拉斯哥和2008年被利物浦夺走。

在断句的时候，我们可以看句子本身是否存在标点，可以按照标点去断句。

倘若整个句子无标点，我们可以按照连词：when / since/ because/ that/ which 等去断句，或者介词：in /at / on/ without/ beyond 等去断句。

以下资料是中公考研教研室讲师据考情分析、精选的长难句，将从语法的角度，教大家如何分析一个长难句。图片

We are even farther removed/ from the unfocused newspaper reviews published /in England /between the turn of the 20th century /and the eve of World War II, /at a time /when newsprint was dirt-cheap / and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications /in which it appeared.

句子主干部分：

We (主语)are (系动词)even farther removed(表语) from the unfocused newspaper reviews(状语);published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II 作后置定语修饰reviews,

很明显published 修饰的是reviews, focused 一般理解为焦点的，聚焦的，有重点的，focused newspaper 可以译为主题鲜明的报纸，那么unfocused newspaper 则为主题多样的报纸，杂感式报纸。

剩余部分分析：

at a time为介词短语 作World War II,的同位语，介词短语其后紧跟两个定语从句，at a time (先行词)when(关系副词) newsprint(主语) was dirt-cheap(谓语) and (并列连词)stylish arts criticism(主语) was considered (谓语)an ornament to the publications in which it appeared(整体作宾语。其中，which 关系代词，先行词为the publications)

该部分中的生词，ornament 译为装饰，安排，点缀。dirt-cheap 译为毫无价值的，戏如粪土的，非常便宜的。stylish 译为时髦的，现代风格的，潇洒的，雅致的。arts criticism 译为艺术评论。

综合，本句译文为：

我们与20世纪初至二战前夕英国的杂感式报纸评论就更是无缘了，当时，新闻用纸价廉如土，风格独特的艺术评论被看作是对刊登它的出版物的一种装饰。